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The forum aims to build a coalition to advance understanding of marine carbon dioxide removal in Aotearoa New Zealand. The forum was established to provide independent, science-based information about marine carbon dioxide removal, also known as blue carbon. Although our large Exclusive Economy Zone provides a potentially significant opportunity to sequester atmospheric carbon in the ocean, a carefully considered national strategy is required to assess pros and cons and to maximise research, investment and resources such that atmospheric carbon dioxide can be reduced whilst enhancing marine ecosystem resilience.

Background

Should our ocean be part of the solution to climate change?

The ocean has absorbed one-third of all the carbon dioxide we have emitted to date and, with the current ambition on reducing emissions, there is considerable international interest (and finance) in enhancing this marine sink. Our large Exclusive Economic Zone represents a potential opportunity to make a meaningful commitment to the Paris Agreement goals, whilst also reducing expenditure and reliance on offshore carbon credits and forestry. However, marine Carbon Dioxide Removal (mCDR) techniques, including coastal Blue Carbon, open ocean fertilization and liming, have inherent risks and also challenges of scaling up and permanence. Consequently, a carefully considered national strategy is required to assess their pros and cons, so maximising the use of Aotearoa New Zealand research, funding and resources whilst reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide and maintaining marine ecosystem resilience.

Project details

The forum will provide independent evidence-based analysis of the potential of nature-based solutions for capturing and storing carbon in Aotearoa’s coastal waters and ocean. The forum will facilitate co-ordination and collaboration within and across sectors (research, policy, government, private sector), and with Iwi/Māori, on carbon sequestration and burial in Aotearoa’s marine environment. This will inform the development of a national strategy for assessing the relative merits and risks of different techniques, that will ensure joint benefits of optimal carbon dioxide removal and increased resilience of marine ecosystems.

The objectives of the forum are to:

develop a marine carbon removal strategy for Aotearoa that includes a mātauranga Māori (te Ao Māori and tikanga) approach that respects Te Tiriti o Waitangi principles to ensure the considered delivery of national and international climate and biodiversity objectives.
enhance the evidence base surrounding the diverse carbon dioxide removal approaches that exist in Aotearoa’s territorial sea and EEZ, including those beyond the 2013 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Wetlands Supplement.
connect marine carbon experts and kaitiaki from research institutions, Iwi/Māori, non-government organisations, civil society, public bodies and the New Zealand Government, so providing a platform for researchers to provide evidence-based advice directly to policy makers and also for the Government to engage efficiently with researchers.
share information, data and knowledge on marine carbon removal approaches, so that research direction and policy development can be aligned for valued implementation across sectors.
provide a point of contact to similar fora internationally, and a staging point for Aotearoa to collaborate on multi-national initiatives.

Collaboration of Mātauranga with Western science

The Aotearoa Marine Carbon Forum is inherently anchored in respect for Te Ao Māori recognising how important the realm of Tangaroa and Hinemoana is to Māori. Our first objective is developing a marine carbon removal strategy for Aotearoa that includes a mātauranga Māori (te Ao Māori and tikanga) approach that respects Te Tiriti o Waitangi principles to ensure the considered delivery of national and international climate and biodiversity objectives. One of our Steering group members, Dr Adrienne Paul is a leading Māori marine legal and policy expert lecturing at the Auckland University of Technology and ensuring AMCF has an authentic approach to respecting Te Ao Māori.

The forum includes:

Prof Cliff Law, Principal Scientist-Marine Biogeochemistry, NIWA and University of Otago; Katherine Short, Principal & Director, F.L.O.W. Collaborative Ltd; Emeritus Prof Dr Caroline Saunders, Lincoln University; Prof Karen Scott, Faculty of Law, University of Canterbury; Dr Adrienne Paul, Law School, Auckland University of Technology, and Dr Anna Berthelsen, Marine Ecologist- Restoration Ecology (Climate Change Science Impact Leader) - Cawthron Institute.

The Steering Group would like to thank Dr Rebecca McLeod, for initiating and leading the Steering Group when she was Senior Research Fellow, Department of Geology, University of Otago and wishes her well in her new Principal Adviser Strategy Adviser role at Otago Regional Council.

What they hope to achieve

We aim to raise awareness of the important opportunity the ocean potentially provides in sequestering carbon. The outcome of UNESCO funding will be to demonstrate broad support for the Forum and initial shape of its work programme.

Once the Forum is formalised its anticipated outcomes (in an ongoing manner) are that the New Zealand Government will receive:

1. Comprehensive independent evidence-based advice on the potential benefits and drawbacks of different mCDR techniques in its territorial seas and EEZ through:

analysing the scientific literature.
considering scientific capability in New Zealand.
considering the feasibility, readiness, scalability, environmental and ecological risks, effectiveness, and the status of monitoring, reporting and verification, and relevant regulatory frameworks.
considering mCDR in Te Ao Māori context including mātauranga Māori.

2. Advice on which mCDR options will bring economic value for the country without compromising our unique biodiversity and environs,

including economic modelling and analysis.
considering environmental and ecological risk and compromise of techniques.

3. An assessment framework to apply to mCDR techniques:

incorporating the findings from previous outcomes.
guiding decision making with respect to national research funding, direction and capability building.

4. Comprehensive evidence-based information on mCDR options in a common-language format to support future consultation (focused and public).

5. Participation in international mCDR communities and initiatives (e.g. International Partnership for Blue Carbon, UN Ocean Decade Programme GEOS (Global Ecosystem for Ocean Solutions) etc.) to inform climate change responses of other nations, and ability to provide advice and comment on mCDR developments in areas beyond our national jurisdiction (e.g. high seas).

6. Enable collaboration amongst national community of researchers, knowledge holders, practitioners and policy makers, that is working in a focused manner to bring our seas into New Zealand’s climate change response.

Decade Action

The Aotearoa Marine Carbon Forum is an endorsed Decade Action hosted by the Decade Programme Global Ecosystem for Ocean Solutions (GEOS).

Webinar Series

1. Introduction to Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal (mCDR) and the Aotearoa Marine Carbon Forum (30 April 2025)

2. Open Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal (19 May 2025)

3. Coastal Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal (23 June 2025)

4. Governance, Social and Financial Perspectives on Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal (mCDR) (28 July 2025)

5. Where to from here – summarising the webinar series and feeding back to the community of interest (18 August 2025)

All webinars are at 3pm -4.30pm. Speaker details will be made available closer to each webinar. Each will have time for Q&A.

Note: mCDR encompasses a variety of techniques that aim to use marine systems to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and includes both coastal blue carbon and open ocean techniques.

For the EVENT page

For the Select Tickets page

Marine Carbon Research Projects in Aotearoa

The AMCF has been developing an understanding of the mCDR related research underway in Aotearoa New Zealand. Please contact km@flowcollaborative.co.nz if you are aware of other projects not mentioned here.

Marine Carbon Research Projects in Aotearoa

Steering Group

Dr Anna Berthelsen

Dr Anna Berthelsen is a marine ecologist at Cawthron Institute, where she is part of the Restoration Ecology Team within the Healthy Oceans Group. She completed her PhD at the University of Auckland in 2015. Anna’s research focuses on developing innovative techniques for the restoration and monitoring of coastal ecosystems, and she co-leads the ‘Restore the Meadows’ seagrass research programme. She also leads Cawthron’s Climate Change Science Impact Group and has a strong interest in climate change impacts and mitigation and adaption opportunities - particularly in the blue carbon space. In 2024, Anna participated in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scoping meeting for the methodology report on carbon dioxide removal and carbon capture. She became a member of the Aotearoa Marine Carbon Forum (AMCF) in 2025.

Dr Adrienne Paul

Dr Adrienne Paul has tribal affiliations to the Ngāti Awa, Ngāti Tūwharetoa ki Kawerau, Te Arawa ki Maketu and Ngai Tūhoe tribes in Aotearoa New Zealand. Dr Paul is an academic lawyer with a passion for empowering people and organisations through sharing information and legal advice. She offers experience in relationship building/maintenance and advisory relative to Māori land, resource management, and marine management in the whānau (family), hapū (subtribe) and iwi (tribe) environment.
Dr Paul began her academic career with the University of Waikato, Te Piringa Faculty of Law teaching land law, corporate entities, and legal research skills. In 2020, she joined the University of Canterbury, Faculty of Law teaching te Tiriti o Waitangi (Treaty of Waitangi), Tikanga Māori (customary law) and the law, land law, Māori land law and resource management law. In 2024, Dr Paul joined the Auckland University of Technology, Law School in 2024, teaching Māori land law, real property and tikanga and state law. She also has her own practice in the areas of Māori land law and family law. Dr Paul is a dedicated educator of Tikanga Māori (customary law) and Mātauranga Māori (customary knowledge) in the legal context. She values collaborative relationships with academics, practitioners, and iwi (tribal) leaders who value sharing the knowledge.
In 2024, Dr Paul joined the Aotearoa Marine Carbon Forum (AMCF) to contribute her expertise in respect of cultural and legal perspectives relative to environmental marine areas across the different themes in the AMCF.

Professor Cliff Law

Professor Cliff Law (National Institute for Water and Atmosphere (NIWA)/University of Otago, New Zealand) is a marine scientist who studies marine biogeochemistry and productivity with a focus on ocean acidification, climate change and marine Carbon Dioxide Removal. He has led NIWAs’ Ocean-Climate Interaction programme and the national NZ acidification project CARIM and coordinated NZ leadership of the Commonwealth Blue Charter Action group on Ocean Acidification. He is also Chair and Co-Director of the NIWA-University Otago Centre for Oceanography, and a recipient of the NZ Prime Ministers Science Award in 2011. He has addressed ministers in the NZ Parliament on the oceans and climate change and represented NZ in international ocean policy development via the London Convention (IMO). He has long-term involvement in the international SOLAS (Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study) programme, as a Steering Committee member and Co-Chair. He is a member of the Aotearoa Marine Carbon Forum, an ad hoc group raising awareness of mCDR in NZ on which he has presented to a variety of NZ agencies including the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, the Environment Protection Agency, the Ministries for the Environment and Primary Industries and Department of Conservation.

Professor Karen N. Scott

Karen N. Scott is a Professor of International Law at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand and Editor-in-Chief of Ocean Development and International Law. She researches and teaches in the areas of the law of the sea, international environmental law and Polar law. She has a particular interest in the climate/ oceans legal and policy nexus and has written on issues including ocean carbon sequestration, marine geoengineering and ocean fertilization, due diligence and ocean acidification and the law of the sea as a legal tool to address climate change.

Katherine M. Short

Katherine has a global background in marine policy, conservation, marine ecosystem-based management, and sustainable seafood. She has extensive experience in multi-stakeholder, cross-sectoral and multi-cultural engagement throughout marine management, policy, science, research, multi-lateral agencies, and business. She also has a deep affinity for and respect of indigenous knowledge systems. She spent nearly 17 years working with WWF, the conservation organisation globally including leading network policy development on ecosystem-based management of fisheries in 2001. She completed a Conservation Science Masters in Marine Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services at Imperial College London before co-founding her former consultancy and business partnership Terra Moana Ltd with Tony Craig. They combined their diverse backgrounds, perspectives and expertise to be sustainability advisers to Moana New Zealand, the largest Māori-owned seafood company for a decade. Amongst other clients they also completed 4 projects in the Sustainable Seas National Science Challenge, including being lead facilitating author on the New Zealand Blue Economy Principles and co-author on Blue Economy Disclosures. She is Principal and Director of F.L.O.W. Collaborative (Fisheries.Livelihoods.Ocean.Well-being) focused on enabling a regenerative blue economy for a healthier ocean and healthier human communities.

Emeritus Professor Caroline Saunders ONZM FRSNZ

My research focus is sustainable wellbeing (social, economic, environmental and cultural) impacts of policy and practice. I have undertaken a wide range of economic and environmental evaluation studies. This includes modelling the economic and environmental implications of different production outputd. The economic implications of greenhouse gas emissions. I undertake research for a wide range of private and public bodies both in NZ and overseas. These include the EU commission, DEFRA, FAO, OECD, MPI, MFAT, Treasury, MFE, MBIE, NZTE, Fonterra, MOT, Beef and Lamb and various other industries and sector groups. I was a Crown appointee on the Board of Landcare Research and a member of the Reserve Bank Monetary Policy Committee 2019-2024. I was awarded the New Zealand Order of Merit in 2009, the NZIER Economist of the Year in 2007 and made a Fellow of The Royal Society of New Zealand in 2021.

Resource

Aotearoa Marine Carbon Forum

Find out more about the proposed coalition to advance marine carbon dioxide removal in Aotearoa New Zealand.

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